Covenant technology

The Covenant collective's relationship with technology is complex and in many ways more nuanced than readily apparent.

Overview
A common question posed by human xenoanalysts and military brass alike is to what extent the Covenant understand their own technology. The Office of Naval Intelligence struggled to answer this question for decades, with new examples and discoveries often contradicting prior theories. A rather reductive but popular view that perpetuated especially among the human civilian population and even the UNSC military and intelligence community since the onset of the Human-Covenant War was that the Covenant do not understand their technology at all, or simply plastered their inferior technology atop advanced technology of Forerunner origin. While there is a kernel of truth to this, the reality is more complex, and has to do with how the Covenant classify their technology.

Classification
Officially, the Covenant divided various technologies they used into several broad classes:

Entrusted technology is understood and produced only by High Charity and its ecclesiastic institutions. There is a simple and ironclad line of dogma to justify this: Since the Prophets are entrusted with the search for the Great Journey, they are also entrusted with the disposal of the technology discovered in that search. The Prophets have the final say one what technology the Holy Ecumene is properly prepared to receive, and what technology must remain restricted to the higher castes, though it must be noted that their say has sometimes been swayed by very persuasive civil wars.
 * Entrusted technology

Anointed Fabricaries are diocesan manufactories blessed with holy mandates from High Charity to produce and maintain entrusted technology outside the holy city. Usually these are strictly focused on one technology or a narrow line thereof, and under strict Ministerial oversight. These include regional shipyard-complexes such as that around Zhoist, as well as the Holy Ecumene's relative handful of Alchemic Engines used to create various forms of Newmatter. Rather than fixed locations, many of these fabricaries were located on various forgeships, enormous materials-extraction and factory vessels that sailed under High Charity's blessing. Though distributed to the domains, entrusted-grade assembly forges were mostly black boxes, and required highly specific incantations and rites to operate. Most pointedly, they could only be maintained or replaced with personnel and tools from the Ministries, ensuring High Charity's hegemony. It was the slippage of this hegemony in the Covenant's Late Antiquity that led to the centuries-long splintering that characterized the empire's Feudal Period, and it took many ages of concerted research and military buildup for High Charity to finally reassert its hegemony over the provinces in the Second Illumination.

Some entrusted technologies are passed out to clans and secular governments outside of the Ministries, although manufacturing and maintenance has remained under the control of the Prophets since the Covenant's High Antiquity. But when the Prophets deem that the time has come, the trust is expanded to the entire Holy Ecumene, or at least the parts in good standing. This is sanctioned technology, which may be manufactured or repaired with the blessing of High Charity.
 * Sanctioned technology

Some entrusted technology become sanctioned within a generation of its discovery, while other forms of technology will only be sanctioned long after it is obsolete. Slipspace drives are one such example. The slipspace drives available on the open market, known as Blinkers, are only a few generations more advanced than the ones that the Sangheili developed natively, whereas only High Charity's ecclesiastic authorities have access to the mass manufacture of Forerunner-derived Borer drive technology.

Native technology is the technological and industrial base that each client race brings to the Covenant. Whether medicine or rocket technology or computer science, this technology remains in use for a long time after the species’ incorporation into the Covenant. Officially, there is nothing wrong with using the tools that you have developed before the light of High Charity graced your doorstep, as long as those tools did not violate Covenant dogma (e.g. Associated Intelligences). Unofficially, the Ministries drown each new client species in a metaphorical deluge of technological gifts until the metaphorical bubbles from native industry stop.
 * Native technology

A generalized category for lines of technology and science developed during the Covenant outside High Charity's influence and guidance, and/or acquired in trade from the Ulteria, i.e. external, non-Covenant civilizations. This was exceedingly rare, and only significant in specific cases; most Umbral technologies were minor curiosities and novelty items.
 * Umbral technology

Knowledge and expertise
Within the Covenant, there exist many guilds whose members have a functional understanding of sanctioned technology and its manufacture. Entrusted technology is considerably rarer, and wasn't fully understood even by the Prophets. Outside the lost Ministries, its study and maintenance was carried out in secret by wealthy clans and underworld organizations. Entrusted technology can be had in the post-war world, for the right price, from the right friends.

With the Covenant, it is also important to be mindful of the distinction between them understanding their technology and being able to operate, or even repair, it. The Covenant's understanding of their technology was ritualistic and surface-level: their machinists did have a decent understanding of the specific procedures required to operate or even repair the technologies entrusted to them, but this did not mean they understood the principles governing their inner workings. As such, even without High Charity's vast multitudes of discovery-priests, the ex-Covenant at large still retain a fair bit of know-how on how to repair, even manufacture their existing technology; however, the ability to innovate and create new technologies (with or without Forerunner reverse-engineering), or apply existing technologies in novel ways, are rare and treasured talents.